Unmanned aerial vehicle - Wikipedia. Alti. Gator civil drone Onyx. Star Fox- C8 XT in flight. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS); which include a UAV, a ground- based controller, and a system of communications between the two. The flight of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote control by a human operator or autonomously by onboard computers. While they originated mostly in military applications, their use is rapidly expanding to commercial, scientific, recreational, agricultural, and other applications.

Civilian UAVs now vastly outnumber military UAVs, with estimates of over a million sold by 2. Autonomous Things, to be followed by the autonomous car and home robots. Terminology. The term has encountered strong opposition from aviation professionals and government regulators. It includes elements such as ground control stations, data links and other support equipment. A similar term is an unmanned- aircraft vehicle system (UAVS) remotely piloted aerial vehicle (RPAV), remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). For recreational uses, a drone (as apposed to a UAV) is a model aircraft that has first person video, autonomous capabilities or both.

USA.com provides easy to find states, metro areas, counties, cities, zip codes, and area codes information, including population, races, income, housing, school. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS. Libertyville, Illinois news, crime reports and top stories from the Libertyville Review. Staff diet tidbits. Join the Fooducate community to eat better, lose weight, and improve your health. Top 100,000 words. Only lists based on a large, recent, balanced corpora of English.

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The first scaled remote piloted vehicle was developed by film star and model- airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1. Nazi Germany produced and used various UAV aircraft during the war. Jet engines entered service after World War II in vehicles such as the Australian GAF Jindivik, and Teledyne Ryan. Firebee I of 1. 95.

Beechcraft offered their Model 1. U. S. Navy in 1. 95. Air Force, concerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use of unmanned aircraft. Planning intensified after the Soviet Unionshot down a U- 2 in 1. Within days, a highly classified UAV program started under the code name of .

The August 1. 96. Tonkin Gulf between naval units of the U. S. When the Chinese government showed photographs of downed U.

S. UAVs via Wide World Photos, the official U. S. Over 5,0. 00 U. S. The USAF 1. 00th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing flew about 3,4. UAV missions during the war at a cost of about 5. UAVs lost to all causes. In the words of USAF General. George S. Brown, Commander, Air Force Systems Command, in 1.

Meyer, Commander in Chief, Strategic Air Command, stated, . As a result, Israel developed the first UAV with real- time surveillance. Watch Cop Car (2015) Free more.

In the 1. 99. 0s, the U. S. Do. D gave a contract to AAI Corporation along with Israeli company Malat. Navy bought the AAI Pioneer UAV that AAI and Malat developed jointly. Many of these UAVs saw service in the 1. Gulf War. UAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines, deployable without risk to aircrews. Initial generations primarily involved surveillance aircraft, but some carried armaments, such as the General Atomics MQ- 1 Predator, that launched AGM- 1. Hellfireair- to- ground missiles.

CAPECON was a European Union project to develop UAVs. China, Iran, Israel and others designed and built their own varieties.

Military UAV tier system is used by military planners to designate the various individual aircraft elements in an overall usage plan. Vehicles can be categorised in terms of range/altitude. The following has been advanced. UAV demonstrators in 2. Other categories include. The main exceptions are the cockpit and environmental control system or life support systems.

Some UAVs carry payloads (such as a camera) that weigh considerably less than an adult human, and as a result can be considerably smaller. Though they carry heavy payloads, weaponized military UAVs are lighter than their manned counterparts with comparable armaments. Small civilian UAVs have no life- critical systems, and can thus be built out of lighter but less sturdy materials and shapes, and can use less robustly tested electronic control systems. Masterminds (2015) Free Online Movie there. For small UAVs, the quadcopter design has become popular, though this layout is rarely used for manned aircraft. Miniaturization means that less- powerful propulsion technologies can be used that are not feasible for manned aircraft, such as small electric motors and batteries.

Control systems for UAVs are often different than manned craft. For remote human control, a camera and video link almost always replace the cockpit windows; radio- transmitted digital commands replace physical cockpit controls. Autopilot software is used on both manned and unmanned aircraft, with varying feature sets. The primary difference for planes is the absence of the cockpit area and its windows. Tailless quadcopters are a common form factor for rotary wing UAVs while tailed mono- and bi- copters are common for manned platforms. Costlier switching BECs diminish heating on the platform.

Computing. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive ones correlate internal and external states. UAVs are real- time systems that require rapid response to changing sensor data. Examples include Raspberry Pis, Beagleboards, etc. The PID controller is common. Sometimes, feedforward is employed, transferring the need to close the loop further. Downlinks (e. g., realtime video) came later. In civilian applications, most transmissions are commands from operator to vehicle.

Downstream is mainly video. Telemetry is another kind of downstream link, transmitting status about the aircraft systems to the remote operator.

UAVs use also satellite . Recently control from wearable devices. E. g., a vehicle that is remotely piloted in most contexts may have an autonomous return- to- base operation.

Basic autonomy comes from proprioceptive sensors. Advanced autonomy calls for situational awareness, knowledge about the environment surrounding the aircraft from exterioceptive sensors: sensor fusion integrates information from multiple sensors. As of 2. 01. 6 the low- layer loops (i. The principle is to decompose the aircraft's behavior into manageable . Hierarchical control system types range from simple scripts to finite state machines, behavior trees and hierarchical task planners. The most common control mechanism used in these layers is the PID controller which can be used to achieve hover for a quadcopter by using data from the IMU to calculate precise inputs for the electronic speed controllers and motors.

One approach to quantifying autonomous capabilities is based on OODA terminology, as suggested by a 2. US Air Force Research Laboratory, and used in the table below. Prognostic Health Mgmt)Group diagnosis and resource management. On- board trajectory replanning – optimizes for current and predictive conditions. Collision avoidance. Self accomplishment of tactical plan as externally assigned.

Medium vehicle airspace separation (1. Fault/Event Adaptative.

Vehicle. Deliberate awareness – allies communicate data. Tactical group plan assigned. Assigned Rules of Engagement. RT Health Diagnosis; Ability to compensatefor most failures and flight conditions – inner loop changes reflected in outer loop performance. On- board trajectory replanning – event driven. Self resource management.

Deconfliction. Self accomplishment of tactical plan as externally assigned. Medium vehicle airspace separation (1. Robust Response to Real Time Faults/Events. Health/status history & models.

Tactical group plan assigned. RT Health Diagnosis (What is the extent of the problems?)Ability to compensate for most failures and flight conditions (i.

The cameras (for visual flow) act as simple receivers. Lidars, radars and sonars (with sound mechanical waves) emit and receive waves, measuring the round- trip transit time. UAV cameras do not require emitting power, reducing total consumption.

Radars and sonars are mostly used for military applications. Reactive autonomy has in some forms already reached consumer markets: it may be widely available in less than a decade.